Kidney Stones: What Causes Them and How to Help Prevent Them

Have you ever had sudden, sharp pain in your lower back or side that would not go away? It could be a kidney stone. Kidney stones are a common health problem that can cause sudden and very strong pain. Each year, more than 500,000 people go to the emergency room because of kidney stones, according to the National Kidney Foundation. In fact, about 1 in 10 people will get a kidney stone at some point in their life. Kidney stones are small, hard pieces that form in the kidneys and can move through the urinary tract. Some stones pass on their own, but others may need medical treatment.

The good news is that there are steps you can take to lower your risk. By learning what causes kidney stones and how they are treated, you can work with your doctor or advanced practice provider* (APP) to support your kidney health and overall well-being.

What are kidney stones

Kidney stones are small, rock-like pieces made from minerals and salts found in urine. They form when these substances build up and stick together. This often happens when urine becomes too concentrated, usually because the body does not have enough fluid to dilute it.

Several factors may increase your risk of developing kidney stones, including:

• Not drinking enough water or having drinks with added sugar
• Drinking sodas high in phosphates, which promotes the formation of kidney stones
• Eating foods high in salt or animal protein
• Family history of kidney stones
• Certain health conditions such as obesity or gout

There are several types of kidney stones. The most common are calcium stones, which form from calcium and other substances in urine. Other types include uric acid stones, infection-related stones, and rare genetic stones called cystine stones.

Signs and symptoms

Some kidney stones are very small and may pass through the body without causing symptoms. But when a stone blocks the urinary tract, it can lead to sudden and severe pain.

Common symptoms include:

• Sharp pain in the lower back or side
• Pain that spreads to the abdomen or groin
• Blood in the urine
• Nausea or vomiting
• Frequent or painful urination

If you experience fever or chills along with these symptoms, it could be a sign of infection. You should call your doctor or APP right away.

How kidney stones are treated

Treatment depends on the size, type, and location of the stone. In many cases, small stones pass on their own with supportive care.

• Pain relief is often the first step. Over-the-counter medicines like ibuprofen or acetaminophen may help manage discomfort. In some cases, your doctor or APP may prescribe stronger medication if the pain is severe.
• Hydration also plays an important role. Drinking plenty of water can help move the stone through the urinary tract. Talk with your doctor or APP to determine how much water you should drink to help pass the stone, especially if you have certain medical conditions, such as congestive heart failure.
• Medications: Some medications may help relax the muscles in your urinary tract so the stone can pass more easily.

If a stone is too large to pass naturally, your doctor or APP may recommend a medical procedure, which can break the stone into smaller pieces or remove it safely.

Steps to take to help prevent kidney stones

If you’ve had a kidney stone before, you may be more likely to develop another one. Fortunately, there are steps you can take to help lower your risk.

• Stay hydrated. Drinking enough water is one of the most effective ways to prevent kidney stones.
• Watch your salt intake. Too much sodium can increase calcium levels in urine, which may lead to stone formation. Limiting processed foods can help reduce sodium intake. You might also consider trying the DASH diet.
• Choose a balanced diet. Eating plenty of fruits and vegetables and moderating animal protein can support kidney health. Citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges may also help reduce the risk of certain stones. The Mediterranean diet can also help guide you in making the right food choices.
• Manage other health conditions. Conditions such as diabetes, obesity or gout can increase the risk of kidney stones. Working with your doctor or APP to manage these conditions can help protect your kidneys.
• Talk with your care team about supplements. Some vitamins and supplements may increase kidney stone risk if taken in large amounts. Your doctor or APP can help you determine what is right for you.

If you have had kidney stones more than once, your primary care doctor or APP may recommend additional testing. For example, a stone you pass may be analyzed to learn what it is made of. This information can help guide a prevention plan tailored to your specific needs.

Kidney stones can be painful, but many cases can be prevented with simple lifestyle changes and regular care. Drinking enough water and making thoughtful food choices can help lower your risk.

If you have questions about kidney stones or your kidney health, talk with your primary care doctor or APP. They can help you understand your risk and create a plan that supports your long-term health.

*An advanced practice provider includes a nurse practitioner or physician assistant.